Analysis of Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers to Indonesian Shrimp Exports in Major Destination Countries

Abstract

Shrimp is one of the mainstays of Indonesia’s fisheries exports, but market access faces varying trade barriers across destination countries. This study aims to map the trade barriers for Indonesian shrimp in five major destination countries during the 2014-2024 period. A descriptive quantitative approach was used to analyze trends in export value, applied tariffs, the accumulation of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) measures, policy type classifications, and coverage ratios. The results indicate that the characteristics of Indonesia’s shrimp export markets differ across countries. The United States remains the primary market with concentration risks; Japan is showing signs of weakening; China is promising yet volatile; the Netherlands is weakening as a European market; and Malaysia is growing as a regional market. Trade barriers also vary, with the Netherlands standing out for import tariffs and China recording the largest number of identified SPS and TBT measures. The coverage ratio indicates that nearly the entire value of Indonesia’s shrimp trade to major destination countries is covered by SPS and TBT regulations. These findings underscore that Indonesia’s shrimp export strategy must focus on market-specific compliance through enhanced quality, food safety, labelling, certification, inspection, and traceability.